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The "Censored Eleven" is a group of ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'' cartoons that were withheld from syndication by United Artists (UA) in 1968. UA owned the distribution rights to the Associated Artists Productions library at that time, and decided to pull these eleven cartoons from broadcast because the use of ethnic stereotypes in the cartoons were deemed too offensive for contemporary audiences. The ban has been upheld by UA and the successive owners of the pre-August 1948 ''Looney Tunes''/''Merrie Melodies''〔The latest released WB cartoon sold to a.a.p. was ''Haredevil Hare'', released on July 24, 1948〕 catalog to this day, which reverted to Warner Bros. In 1996 with Time Warner's purchase of Turner Broadcasting. These shorts have not been officially broadcast on television since 1968 and have only been exhibited once theatrically by Warner Bros in Spring 2010 (see below for more details). They have turned up, however, on low-cost VHS and DVD collections over the last thirty years. ==About the cartoons== Many cartoons from previous decades are routinely edited on international television (and on some video and DVD collections) today. Usually, the only censorship deemed necessary is the cutting of the occasional perceived racist joke, instance of graphic violence, or scene of a character doing something that parents and watchdog groups fear children will try to imitate, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, or self-harming activities such as depictions of suicide. One classic cartoon gag, most prominent in MGM's ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons, is the transformation of characters into a blackface caricature after an explosion or an automobile back-fire. A sequence in the Tom and Jerry cartoon ''Mouse Cleaning'' (1948) turned Tom into a black-face caricature. Upon questioning by Mammy Two Shoes, Tom answers "No, ma'am. I ain't seen no cat aroun' here… uh unh, ain't no cat, no place, no how-no ma'am," in stereotypical African-American dialect.〔Lehman, Christopher P., The Colored Cartoon: Black Presentation in American Animated Short Films. University of Massachusetts Press, 2007. p 113-114〕 Such small amounts of objectionable material only require relatively minor cuts in the cartoon to make it palatable to censors, in spite of objections and occasional boycotts by fans. However, in the case of the Censored Eleven, racial themes are so essential and so completely pervade the cartoons that the copyright holders believe that no amount of selective editing could ever make them acceptable for distribution. Two of the Censored Eleven directed by Bob Clampett have been defended by some film historians: ''Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs'' and ''Tin Pan Alley Cats''. The former is a jazz-based parody of Walt Disney's ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', while the latter is a hot jazz re-interpretation of Clampett's now-classic 1938 short ''Porky in Wackyland''. Author Michelle Klein-Hass wrote the following: 〕}} Bob Clampett himself explained the evolution of "Coal Black" during his public appearances in the 70s and 80s, and during taped interviews: The cartoon output of Warner Bros. during its heyday even sometimes had censorship problems more complex in some respects than those of features. Unlike feature films, which were routinely censored in the script, the animated shorts were passed upon only when completed, which made the producers exceptionally cautious as to restrictions.〔''Look'' staff 17.〕 ''Clean Pastures'', for example, had considerable censor trouble during its production much more than its basis for parody - ''The Green Pastures'' - ever did. The words "De Lawd" were not allowed and censors also wanted to eliminate a halo from a black character.〔''Look'' staff 18.〕 In 1983, director Chuck Jones commented on the television censorship of the Warner Bros. cartoons: "I don't like to see the films cut at all. () They make some cuts that are so arbitrary and stupid, you can't believe it."〔Fanton 31-32.〕 Independent stations that once ran the syndicated Warner Bros. cartoons never had the same type of censorship as first-run networks such as ABC and CBS did for the cartoons. Some stations even owned syndication rights to "a few they consider() racially stereotypical," but never ran them.〔Fanton 32.〕 When he obtained distribution rights to all pre-8/1948 Warner Bros. cartoons in 1986, Ted Turner vowed that he would not distribute or air any cartoons from the Censored Eleven. They were the only cartoons in this package not to be featured in the laserdisc series ''The Golden Age of Looney Tunes''. Since Time Warner bought Turner Broadcasting in 1996, this policy has largely been upheld, but has also shown signs of weakening. A total of twelve Bugs Bunny shorts were not aired on Cartoon Network during its "June Bugs" marathon in 2001. However, Warner Bros. began to release DVD collections of classic cartoons in 2003 entitled the ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection'' with one of the cartoons (''Frigid Hare'', which depicts a stereotypical Eskimo trying to kill a baby penguin, and was still seen on Cartoon Network as late as 2002 and featured as a DVD extra in ''March of the Penguins'') featured on the set uncut and uncensored. Also in 2001, Cartoon Network animation documentary show ''ToonHeads'' had a one-hour special centered on World War II-era cartoons and two World War II-era Bugs Bunny shorts ''Herr Meets Hare'' shown in full and ''Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips'' shown in clips in a short montage about the depictions of Japanese people at the time they were shown. While none of the shorts included on the discs are part of the Censored Eleven, many of the cartoons that were included were routinely censored on television, but were included uncut on DVD. Furthermore, each DVD from the ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3'' opens with a foreword by Whoopi Goldberg, where she warns the audience about some of these shorts, stating that although the behavior was and is not acceptable, the cartoons depicting this are a vital part of history and should not be forgotten. The ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4'' collection includes a similar disclaimer, written on a gold card and merely summarized the point that while the cartoons are considered offensive today for what they depict, they are not going to be shown censored because editing out the racist depictions—and therefore effectively denying that the racism of the era ever happened—is worse than actually showing them. Many of the Censored Eleven are available on bootleg video. ''Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land'', ''Jungle Jitters'' and ''All This and Rabbit Stew'' are now in the public domain and frequently appear on home video releases and internet video searches. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Censored Eleven」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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